Many microorganisms are adapted to life in surface-attached biofilms, which may have been the predominant microbial lifestyle for more than 3 billion years. With this work, we provide a foundational ecological perspective on factors that structure viral diversity in stream biofilms and identify potentially important viral traits related to the biofilm mode of life. Yet, viral communities were linked to the presence of the most abundant bacterial community members. Overall, biofilm viral and bacterial community turnover were significantly coupled. Other phages, particularly vOTUs classified as Siphoviridae, appear locally overrepresented and to rely on a lysogenic life cycle, potentially to exploit the spatial distribution of bacterial populations in stream biofilms. This dispersal capacity appears to be linked to EPS depolymerases that enable phages to efficiently overcome the biofilm barrier. Deviation from neutral model predictions suggests that certain phages distribute efficiently across distant locations within the stream network. Comparison of the observed viral distribution with predictions based on neutral community assembly indicated that chance and dispersal may be important for structuring stream biofilm viral communities. While some vOTUs were region- or season-specific, we also identified a large group of permanent biofilm phages, taxonomically dominated by Myoviridae. Leveraging an optimized sample-to-sequence pipeline, we studied the spatiotemporal turnover of dsDNA viruses associated with stream biofilms and found an astounding diversity to be structured by seasons and along the longitudinal gradient in the stream.
#Emcee composition how to#
Panel Discussion Tip #185 with Jeffrey Hayzlett: Finishing Panel Discussionsįor more information about how to moderate a lively & informative leadership panel discussion, check out our free 7-part video series on how to moderate a panel and other resources to help you organize, moderate, or be a panel member.Biofilms play pivotal roles in fluvial ecosystems, yet virtually nothing is known about viruses in these communities. How to Create GREAT Questions for Your Panelists to Answer during Your Panel Discussion How to Moderate a Virtual Panel Discussion So don’t call her the “moderator.” She was clearly “emceeing” the event. I don’t think the DNC convention had any discussions that created any agreements.
They can also facilitate discussion among the speakers, panelists, and audience to achieve the desired business outcomes (this last sentence bleeds into the role of a “moderator,” ergo the confusion between the two terms).
They share important information and keep everyone on time. So what’s the difference between moderating and emceeing an event?Īccording to the Cambridge Dictionary, a moderator is one who “tries to help other people come to an agreement” or “makes certain that a formal discussion happens without problems and follows the rules.” (see my further discussion of the role of the moderator)Īn emcee introduces the presenters, sessions, and important activities at an event. Longoria was actually “emceeing” the event (Emcee is short for Master of Ceremonies).
Pardon me for mincing words, but there was no “moderation” being done. Last night, Eva Longoria Bastón launched a historic Democratic National Convention – all done “virtually.” Billed as the event moderator, she began the night with opening comments, introduced the various speakers (politicians and voters), transitioned between segments, and offered personal commentary.
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